I. Allowable TemperatureWhen a transformer is in operation, its windings and iron core generate copper loss and iron loss. These losses are converted into heat energy, causing the temperature of the transformer's iron core and windings to rise. If the temperature exceeds the allowable value for a long time, the insulation will gradually lose its mechanical elasticity and age.The temperature of each part of the transformer during operation is different: the winding temperature is the highest, fol

1. Definition of Condition-Based MaintenanceCondition-based maintenance refers to a maintenance method where decisions on whether and how to perform maintenance are determined based on the real-time operating status and health condition of equipment. It has no fixed maintenance methods or schedules. The prerequisite for condition-based maintenance is the establishment of equipment parameters and the comprehensive analysis of various operational information of the equipment, so as to make reasona

Traction Rectifier TransformersRated capacity: 800 to 4400 kVA; Voltage class: 10 kV and 35 kV; Rectifier pulse number: 12-pulse and 24-pulse. Compared with 12-pulse rectifier circuits, 24-pulse rectifier circuits can reduce the harmonic pollution of the power grid by 50%, and no filtering equipment is needed at this location. It is suitable for power supply systems of urban subways and rail transit.Excitation Rectifier TransformersRated capacity: 315 to 3000 × 3 kVA; Voltage class: 10 kV, 13.8

Operating Conditions in National Standard GB 6450-1986Ambient temperature: Maximum ambient temperature: +40°C Daily average maximum temperature: +30°C Annual average maximum temperature: +20°C Minimum temperature: -30°C (outdoor); -5°C (indoor) Horizontal axis: Product load; Vertical axis: Average coil temperature rise in Kelvin (note: not in Celsius).For Class H insulation products, the long-term temperature resistance of insulation materials is stipulated by the state as 180°C. However, the in

This report is based on the analysis of one-day power quality monitoring data of your company's distribution system. The data shows that there is significant three-phase current harmonic distortion in the system (with a high total harmonic distortion of current, THDi). In accordance with international standards (IEC/IEEE), harmonic currents at this level have posed substantial risks to the safe, reliable, and economical operation of the power supply transformer, mainly manifested in additional h

In electrical control systems, AC contactors are among the commonly used electrical components, and they are also a common source of various electrical faults. After long-term use—especially in harsh environments with high levels of dust—AC contactors may sometimes emit squeaking or rattling noises after being pulled in and held. The causes of this phenomenon are analyzed as follows.Squeaking Noise After Pull-In and HoldingA fully functional AC contactor makes no noise when energized and pulled

With the Rapid Development of Smart Grids and the Integration of Renewable Energy Medium Voltage (MV) Switchgear, as the core power distribution equipment in substations, directly determines the stability of the power system through its reliability, intelligence, and space efficiency. This article delves into the key technologies, scenario-specific solutions, and practical benefits of Medium Voltage Switchgear in substations.Core Requirements for Substation ScenariosHigh Reliability Requirements

At the core of medium-voltage power distribution systems in industrial facilities, commercial complexes, and data centers, switchgear acts as a silent commander, governing the lifeline of electrical flow. Among various solutions, ​Withdrawable Switchgear​has become synonymous with reliability in modern MV systems due to its unique design philosophy. Compared to fixed switchgear, its "withdrawable" feature delivers compelling advantages, setting new benchmarks for ​operational efficiency​and ​per

Southeast Asia’s rapidly growing power demand (GDP growth >5% annually) combined with extreme climatic conditions—high temperature, humidity, and salt spray corrosion—necessitates balancing lifecycle costs with climate resilience in switchgear selection. This article analyzes the optimal cost-performance solutions between GIS and AIS.​I. GIS vs. AIS Cost Comparison Model (Southeast Asia Context)​​​1. Initial Investment Costs​2. Long-Term Operational Costs​​GIS Advantages:Ext